Microwave Techniques - SS034440001
Signal Subcourse 344
Introduction - SS034440004
Lesson 1. Microwave Amplifying Devices
Figure 1. Functional servosystem.
Section I. Velocity Modualtion
Figure 3. Simple klystron.
Figure 5. Two-cavity klystron.
Figure 6. Reflex klystron, schematic.
Figure 7. Bunching action.
Modes of Operation
Figure 8. Klystron modes and electrical bandwidth.
Figure 9. Reflex klystron.
Figure 11. Electrons entering drift tube.
Figure 12. Electron path in drift tube.
Component Dimensions and Placement
Section V. Klystron Power Amplifier
Figure 15. Typical four-cavity power-amplifier klystron.
Collector section
Figure 16. Klystron and magnetic coils.
Figure 17. Heat exchanger.
Section VI. Traveling-wave tube
Figure 19. Traveling-wave tube with focusing coil.
Figure 20. Simple traveling-wave tube.
Figure 21. Velocity modulation in a traveling-wave tube.
Figure 22. Traveling-wave-tube couplers.
Section VII. Backward-wave oscillator
Figure 23. Backward-wave oscillator.
Figure 24. Folded waveguide.
Figure 26. RF fields in a backward-wave oscillator.
Figure 27. M-type backward-wave oscillator (carcinotron).
Noise Reduction
Figure 28. Parametric amplifier.
Figure 29. Parametric amplifier used as an up-converter.
Operation - SS034440036
Section IX. Klystron Theory
Figure 31. Functional sections of multicavity klystron.
Figure 33. Resonant cavity surrounding drift tube
The resonant cavity
Figure 36. Electric and magnetic field pattern for alternate half-cycles.
Figure 38. Drift tube protrusion intensifies field pattern
Figure 39. Electric and magnetic field combination for alternate half-cycles in high-power klystron cavity.
Figure 41. Coupling loop has circling magnetic field because of its current flow.
Figure 43. Electron in gap.
Figure 45. Only the input cavity of klystron has RF input.
Figure 46. Varying electric field at drift tube gap causes velocity changes in beam electrons.
Figure 47. Density modulated electrons form electron bunches.
Figure 48. Electron beam transit time exceeds time for three RF cycles.
Figure 49. Applegate diagram showing beam electrons velocity and density modulation.
Figure 50. Multicavity klystron's magnetic field coil assembly.
Figure 51. Continuous magnetic field lines along drift tube axis.
Figure 52. Beam electrons' mutual repulsion forces electrons away from drift tube axis.
Cyclotron Effect Caused by Magnetic Deflection
Figure 56. Next-to-the-last cavity is called penultimate cavity.
Figure 57. Typical front panel controls for tuning multicavity klystron.
Figure 58. Penultimate cavity tuning.
Figure 59. Broad-banding with sweep signal generator.
Figure 60. High power klystron in carriage.
Figure 61. Support klystron at two or more points when lifting.
Lesson Exercises - SS034440061
Lesson Exercises (Cont) - SS034440062
Lesson Exercises (Cont) - SS034440063
Lesson Exercises (Cont) - SS034440064
Lesson Exercises (Cont) - SS034440065
Lesson Exercises (Cont) - SS034440066
Lesson Solutions - SS034440067
Lesson 2. RF System Components
Section I. Waveguide Principles
Section II. Wave Propagation
Figure 62. Waveguide developed from quarter-wave stubs.
Figure 63. Electromagnetic lines, free and confined.
Figure 65. E field distribution in a waveguide.
Figure 67. Waveguide dimensions.
Figure 68. TE and TM modes.
Figure 69. Probe coupling.
Figure 70. Orientation of the coupling loop.
Figure 72. Excitation through the window.
Figure 74. Reactive plates in a waveguide.
Bends
Figure 80. Flexible waveguide.
Joints
Circular Waveguide
Figure 83. TE and TM modes in circular waveguide.
Figure 85. Rectangular waveguide with circular rotary joints.
Figure 87. Directional coupler, incident power flow.
Figure 90. Dual-frequency-diversity microwave system.
Figure 91. Circulator.
Figure 92. Mode launcher
Figure 93. Assembly of mode filter.
Isolators
Figure 94. Isolator.
Figure 95. Waveguide radiator.
Figure 97. Tapered horn antenna.
Figure 98. Reflector feed systems.
Figure 99. Cassegrainian antenna.
Figure 100. Polyrod antenna.
Surface-wave transmission line
Wave Development
Figure 103. Transmission line with launcher.
Lesson Exercises - SS034440101
Lesson Exercises (cont) - SS034440102
Lesson Exercises (cont) - SS034440103
Figure 104. Waveguide operating modes.
Lesson Exercises (cont) - SS034440105
Lesson Exercises (cont) - SS034440106
Lesson Solutions - SS034440107
Lesson 3. Microwave Transmitters and Receivers
Section I. Modulator Analysis
Section II. Indirect-Angle-Modulated Transmitter
Figure 106. Indirect-angle-modulated transmitter.
Section III. Direct-angle-modulated transmitters
Figure 107. Direct-angle-modulated transmitter.
Phase-Lock loop
Section IV. Transmitter Analysis
Figure 108. Frequency generator subsystem.
Translator
Figure 109. Transmitter subsystem.
Exciter
Section I. Receiver Control Circuits
Figure 110. FMFB block diagram.
Figure 111. RF carrier-to-noise threshold.
Figure 112. FMFB effects on carrier deviation.
Figure 113. Frequency-sensitive AFC circuit.
Figure 114. Phase-sensitive AFC loop.
Section II. Frequency-Modulation Feedback Receiver
Figure 115. Simplified FMFB receiver block diagram.
Section III. Phase-Lock Receiver
Figure 116. Simplified phase-lock receiver block diagram.
Preamplifier
Preselector
Demodulator
Baseband amplifier
Lesson Exercises - SS034440134
Lesson Exercises (Cont) - SS034440135
Lesson Exercises (Cont) - SS034440136
Lesson Exercises (Cont) - SS034440137
Lesson Exercises (Cont) - SS034440138
Lesson Exercises (Cont) - SS034440139
Lesson Solutions - SS034440140
Lesson 4. Receiver Parameters
Section I. Interference
Seasonal
Section II. Noise Measurements
Table 1. Temperature Conversion Factors
Noise Figure
Noise Figure (Cont)
Equivalent Noise Temperature
Section III. Noise measuring techniques
Section IV. Parameter Control
Baseband and Bandwidth Controls
Figure 117. S/N versus C/N for frequency modulation.
Table II. Operating Modes
Section V. Decibels
Figure 118. Transmission line with 50 percent power loss.
Figure 120. Circuit showing power loss.
Figure 121. The use of a reference level.
Figure 122. How dbm is used in a telephone system.
Figure 123. Use of oscillator and transmission measuring set.
Lesson Exercises - SS034440160
Lesson Exercises (Cont) - SS034440161
Lesson Exercises (Cont) - SS034440162
Lesson Exercises (Cont) - SS034440163
Lesson Exercises (Cont) - SS034440164
Lesson Solution
Lesson Solution (Cont)
Microwave Techniques
Signal Subcourse 344
Introduction - SS034440004
Lesson 1. Microwave Amplifying Devices
Figure 1. Functional servosystem.
Section I. Velocity Modualtion
Figure 3. Simple klystron.
Figure 5. Two-cavity klystron.
Figure 6. Reflex klystron, schematic.
Figure 7. Bunching action.
Modes of Operation
Figure 8. Klystron modes and electrical bandwidth.
Figure 9. Reflex klystron.
Figure 11. Electrons entering drift tube.
Figure 12. Electron path in drift tube.
Component Dimensions and Placement
Section V. Klystron Power Amplifier
Figure 15. Typical four-cavity power-amplifier klystron.
Collector section
Figure 16. Klystron and magnetic coils.
Figure 17. Heat exchanger.
Section VI. Traveling-wave tube
Figure 19. Traveling-wave tube with focusing coil.
Figure 20. Simple traveling-wave tube.
Figure 21. Velocity modulation in a traveling-wave tube.
Figure 22. Traveling-wave-tube couplers.
Section VII. Backward-wave oscillator
Figure 23. Backward-wave oscillator.
Figure 24. Folded waveguide.
Figure 26. RF fields in a backward-wave oscillator.
Figure 27. M-type backward-wave oscillator (carcinotron).
Noise Reduction
Figure 28. Parametric amplifier.
Figure 29. Parametric amplifier used as an up-converter.
Operation - SS034440036
Section IX. Klystron Theory
Figure 31. Functional sections of multicavity klystron.
Figure 33. Resonant cavity surrounding drift tube
The resonant cavity
Figure 36. Electric and magnetic field pattern for alternate half-cycles.
Figure 38. Drift tube protrusion intensifies field pattern
Figure 39. Electric and magnetic field combination for alternate half-cycles in high-power klystron cavity.
Figure 41. Coupling loop has circling magnetic field because of its current flow.
Figure 43. Electron in gap.
Figure 45. Only the input cavity of klystron has RF input.
Figure 46. Varying electric field at drift tube gap causes velocity changes in beam electrons.
Figure 47. Density modulated electrons form electron bunches.
Figure 48. Electron beam transit time exceeds time for three RF cycles.
Figure 49. Applegate diagram showing beam electrons velocity and density modulation.
Figure 50. Multicavity klystron's magnetic field coil assembly.
Figure 51. Continuous magnetic field lines along drift tube axis.
Figure 52. Beam electrons' mutual repulsion forces electrons away from drift tube axis.
Cyclotron Effect Caused by Magnetic Deflection
Figure 56. Next-to-the-last cavity is called penultimate cavity.
Figure 57. Typical front panel controls for tuning multicavity klystron.
Figure 58. Penultimate cavity tuning.
Figure 59. Broad-banding with sweep signal generator.
Figure 60. High power klystron in carriage.
Figure 61. Support klystron at two or more points when lifting.
Lesson Exercises - SS034440061
Lesson Exercises (Cont) - SS034440062
Lesson Exercises (Cont) - SS034440063
Lesson Exercises (Cont) - SS034440064
Lesson Exercises (Cont) - SS034440065
Lesson Exercises (Cont) - SS034440066
Lesson Solutions - SS034440067
Lesson 2. RF System Components
Section I. Waveguide Principles
Section II. Wave Propagation
Figure 62. Waveguide developed from quarter-wave stubs.
Figure 63. Electromagnetic lines, free and confined.
Figure 65. E field distribution in a waveguide.
Figure 67. Waveguide dimensions.
Figure 68. TE and TM modes.
Figure 69. Probe coupling.
Figure 70. Orientation of the coupling loop.
Figure 72. Excitation through the window.
Figure 74. Reactive plates in a waveguide.
Bends
Figure 80. Flexible waveguide.
Joints
Circular Waveguide
Figure 83. TE and TM modes in circular waveguide.
Figure 85. Rectangular waveguide with circular rotary joints.
Figure 87. Directional coupler, incident power flow.
Figure 90. Dual-frequency-diversity microwave system.
Figure 91. Circulator.
Figure 92. Mode launcher
Figure 93. Assembly of mode filter.
Isolators
Figure 94. Isolator.
Figure 95. Waveguide radiator.
Figure 97. Tapered horn antenna.
Figure 98. Reflector feed systems.
Figure 99. Cassegrainian antenna.
Figure 100. Polyrod antenna.
Surface-wave transmission line
Wave Development
Figure 103. Transmission line with launcher.
Lesson Exercises - SS034440101
Lesson Exercises (cont) - SS034440102
Lesson Exercises (cont) - SS034440103
Figure 104. Waveguide operating modes.
Lesson Exercises (cont) - SS034440105
Lesson Exercises (cont) - SS034440106
Lesson Solutions - SS034440107
Lesson 3. Microwave Transmitters and Receivers
Section I. Modulator Analysis
Section II. Indirect-Angle-Modulated Transmitter
Figure 106. Indirect-angle-modulated transmitter.
Section III. Direct-angle-modulated transmitters
Figure 107. Direct-angle-modulated transmitter.
Phase-Lock loop
Section IV. Transmitter Analysis
Figure 108. Frequency generator subsystem.
Translator
Figure 109. Transmitter subsystem.
Exciter
Section I. Receiver Control Circuits
Figure 110. FMFB block diagram.
Figure 111. RF carrier-to-noise threshold.
Figure 112. FMFB effects on carrier deviation.
Figure 113. Frequency-sensitive AFC circuit.
Figure 114. Phase-sensitive AFC loop.
Section II. Frequency-Modulation Feedback Receiver
Figure 115. Simplified FMFB receiver block diagram.
Section III. Phase-Lock Receiver
Figure 116. Simplified phase-lock receiver block diagram.
Preamplifier
Preselector
Demodulator
Baseband amplifier
Lesson Exercises - SS034440134
Lesson Exercises (Cont) - SS034440135
Lesson Exercises (Cont) - SS034440136
Lesson Exercises (Cont) - SS034440137
Lesson Exercises (Cont) - SS034440138
Lesson Exercises (Cont) - SS034440139
Lesson Solutions - SS034440140
Lesson 4. Receiver Parameters
Section I. Interference
Seasonal
Section II. Noise Measurements
Table 1. Temperature Conversion Factors
Noise Figure
Noise Figure (Cont)
Equivalent Noise Temperature
Section III. Noise measuring techniques
Section IV. Parameter Control
Baseband and Bandwidth Controls
Figure 117. S/N versus C/N for frequency modulation.
Table II. Operating Modes
Section V. Decibels
Figure 118. Transmission line with 50 percent power loss.
Figure 120. Circuit showing power loss.
Figure 121. The use of a reference level.
Figure 122. How dbm is used in a telephone system.
Figure 123. Use of oscillator and transmission measuring set.
Lesson Exercises - SS034440160
Lesson Exercises (Cont) - SS034440161
Lesson Exercises (Cont) - SS034440162
Lesson Exercises (Cont) - SS034440163
Lesson Exercises (Cont) - SS034440164
Lesson Solution
Lesson Solution (Cont)
Microwave Techniques
